Diglossia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diglossia - Research Paper ExampleKeywords Arabic, diglossia, Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, Iraqi/Syrian dialect Arabic is among the diglossic languages of the world because two stratumal varieties exist in concurrent use. These varieties ar Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Both are referred to as al-lugha al-fusha or simply fusha for short, the latter part being pronounced as al-fuS-Ha and meaning pure or most eloquent. Badawi however, distinguishes between al-fusha al-turath for CA and al-fusha al-asr for MSA (Ryding, 2005 4). This distinction reflects the historical and cultural differences as CA pertains to Arab heritage (al-turath) and MSA pertains to the modern era (al-asr). Vincent Monteil (1960) thus regarded MSA as a modern development of the old pure form of CA. There are also colloquial forms and various dialects but the main distinction is drawn between the two aforementioned literary forms. many another(prenominal) Arabs and indeed Muslims regard CA as the pure form, as it is the form used in the Holy Quran and the form used in heaven, and so regard all other varieties as inferior. The syntax and morphology of CA have thus remained intact but the lexicon present in MSA is changed. This classical form is the same world-widely although it has few fluent speakers whereas the other varieties are distinct enough so as to impede mutual intelligibility (Tan, 1999 264). Nonetheless, the spoken varieties tend to be of greater practical benefit in the present age, as shown in a study by Palmer (2008). On the other hand, MSA, which functions as a global lingua franca, is used by the media and stirs pan-Arab nationalistic feelings in the Arab world (Palmer, 2008 93). Above all, it also allows for greater intelligibility of the Holy Quran from being closer to CA and is the more(prenominal) respected and educated variety. It functions as educated Arabic speech because it is characterized by general intelligibility among great regional and stylistic diversity (Mitchell, 1986). Essentially therefore, despite a multiplicity of forms and dialects, Arabic is a prime example of diglossia. The term diglossia was first used by the Greeks to describe two different varieties of their language, namely Dhimotiki and Katharevousa. Diglossia was more late examined by Charles Ferguson (1959) in his book Diglossia in which three other diglossic languages were identified including Arabic. It describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict in operation(p) differentiation between a (socially) L(ow)-variety and a distinct H(igh)-variety (Bussmann, 2006 345). The latter is differentiated from the former by being more grammatically complex, standardised and formal. Gumperz (1964) considered linguistic societies as diglossic if functionally distinct varieties were found, but did not regard them as bilingual because of their close relationship whereas Fishman (1967) related diglossia closely t o bilingualism. Other scholars who have studied diglossia hold Kremnitz (1987) and Willemyns & Bister (1989). As far as the various dialects of Arabic are concerned, the present day dialects can be roughly divided according to quadruple geographical regions, which are (1) Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf, (2) Levantine, (3)